日前，苹果第六次（Apple）发布年度“供应商社会责任”报告，无论是批评者还是竞争对手，势必都非常关注。

    值得一提的是，苹果首次在附件中披露了其主要供应商的名单——共计156家公司，它们绝大部分位于远东，代表了苹果97%的供应链。点击此处查看完整名单。

    此外，苹果还列举了在2011年对这些供应商进行审查的相关情况——发现了哪些违规行为，苹果对此有何反应。虽然大部分电子制造商在生产中雇佣的同样是这些地区的工人，但违规用工行为曝光后，苹果往往成为众矢之的。

    报告出乎意料地“坦白”了供应商的种种恶行。原文具体如下：

    • 18家工厂在招工和对待现有员工方面存在乙肝歧视，52家工厂缺少政策和措施以禁止基于体检结果的乙肝歧视。

    • 24家工厂进行过妊娠检查，56家工厂没有政策和措施以禁止对怀孕妇女的歧视。

    • 相关记录表明，总计93家工厂超过一半的员工在抽样调查的12个时间段内，至少有一周的工作时间超过了60小时的上限。

    • 90家工厂——超过了我们审查数量的一半，存在员工每月至少1次连续工作超过7天。37家工厂缺少切实有效的工作日控制系统，以确保员工至少每周能休息1天。

    • 42家工厂存在工资发放问题，其中包括拖欠、未向员工提供工资条等。

    • 668家工厂没有依法向员工提供完备的福利，例如社会保险和免费体检。49家工厂没有向员工提供带薪假期。

    • 67家工厂将扣除员工工资作为处罚措施。

    • 108家工厂没有依法支付加班工资。例如，没有按要求支付节假日加班工资。

    Apple's (AAPL) sixth annual "supplier responsibility" report is sure to be closely read by both critics and competitors.

    For one thing an addendum to the report lists for the first time the names of Apple's major subcontractors -- 156 companies, many in the Far East, representing 97% of the company's supply chain. The list is available here for anyone to read.

    For another, the report enumerates the violations discovered -- and Apple's responses -- in the company's 2011 audit of those suppliers. Although most electronics manufacturers rely on the same labor force to make their products, Apple tends to get singled for criticism when abuses come to light.

    The report issued this week is surprisingly frank about the nature of those abuses. In its audit, Apple discovered (I quote):

    • 18 facilities screened job candidates or current workers for hepatitis B, and 52 facilities lacked policies and procedures that prohibit discrimination based on results of medical tests.

    • 24 facilities conducted pregnancy tests, and 56 facilities did not have policies and procedures that prohibit discriminatory practices based on pregnancy.

    • 93 facilities had records that indicated more than 50 percent of their workers exceeded weekly working hour limits of 60 in at least 1 week out of the 12 sample period.

    • At 90 facilities, more than half of the records we reviewed indicated that workers had worked more than 6 consecutive days at least once per month, and 37 facilities lacked an adequate working day control system to ensure that workers took at least 1 day off in every 7 days.

    • 42 facilities had payment practice violations, including delayed payment for employees' wages and no pay slips provided to employees.

    • 68 facilities did not provide employees adequate benefits as required by laws and regulations, such as social insurance and free physical examinations. 49 facilities did not provide employees with paid leaves or vacations.

    • 67 facilities used deductions from wages as a disciplinary measure.

    • 108 facilities did not pay proper overtime wages as required by laws and regulations. For example, they did not provide sufficient overtime pay for holidays.

   苹果单独列出了在劳工和人权方面所谓的“严重违规”行为：

    • 15家工厂的外籍务工人员向劳务代理机构支付了超额招聘费用。

    • 5家工厂曾有过13起使用未成年员工的案例，调查期间还发现了另外6起。在这些案例中，工厂都缺少行之有效的手段审查年龄，识别虚假证件。不过，苹果强调，“没有发现故意使用未成年员工的案例。”

    虽然绝大部分苹果供应商都存在不同形式的违规行为——例如，70%都没有足额支付加班工资，但苹果仅仅和其中一家“反复违规”的供应商断绝了供应关系，但苹果没有透露这家工厂的名字。苹果称，另外一家屡次违规的供应商正在“整改”。

    调查不大可能封住所有批评者的嘴，例如独角戏表演家麦克•戴西就宣称苹果检查不过是例行公事，供应商们早就提前听到了风声，早就把童工藏起来了。尽管如此，苹果仍然是我们所知道唯一一家每年都进行检查的美国电子公司。

    最新进展：法国网站MacGeneration披露了苹果首席执行官蒂姆•库克致全体员工的邮件。库克在邮件中论述了《供应商社会责任调查报告》（the Supplier Responsibility Report）的内容，并宣布苹果已加入美国公平劳工协会（Fair Labor Association）。

    “感谢我们供应商社会责任调查小组的努力，我们看到了供应商在雇工方面的显著改善。为防止雇佣童工，我们的小组采访了工厂工人，核查了员工记录，审核了供应商使用的年龄验证系统。调查小组的努力收到了很大成效，雇佣童工的情况相比去年大幅减少。我们没有发现总装供应商使用童工的情况，我们对雇佣童工行为决不姑息，坚决杜绝一切此类行为。”

    点击查看库克邮件全文。

    最新进展2：广播电台This American Life上周播出了《乔布斯的大喜与大悲》（The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs）的节选版。这出独角戏由麦克•戴西出演，反映了苹果供应链企业的工作环境问题。这家电台请戴西评价了苹果最新出炉的报告。戴西称：

    苹果公布了供应商的名录，但对于自己审计了哪些公司，苹果仍然秘而不宣。因此，人们依然无法了解苹果供应链中的任何新情况，无法核实任何事情，也无法对任何人问责。美国公平劳工协会也将审计苹果的一小部分工厂，但它同样不会公布接受审计的是哪些工厂。

    如果苹果少花点精力美化公众形象，而是将心思花在真正实现透明和问责机制上，它才能成为电子行业真正的领袖。苹果如今仍然在老调重弹：相信我们，我们最了解情况，一切正常。但他们并没有如愿赢得人们的信任。

    译者：项航

    Apple separately listed what it called "core violations" of labor and human rights:

    • In 15 facilities it discovered foreign contract workers who had paid excessive recruitment fees to labor agencies.

    • In 5 facilities it discovered a total of 6 active and 13 historical cases of underage labor. In each case, the facility had insufficient controls to verify age or detect false documentation. Apple insists, however, that it found "no instances of intentional hiring of underage labor."

    Although most of Apple's suppliers were discovered to be in violation of one rule or another -- nearly 70%, for example, failed to pay proper overtime -- Apple severed relations with only one of them: an unnamed "repeat offender." There was a second repeat offender, but Apple claims to be "correcting" its practices.

    The audit is unlikely to satisfy critics like monologist Mike Daisey -- who reports that suppliers are routinely forewarned of Apple's inspections in time to hide their underage workers -- but the fact remains that the company is the only American electronics manufacturer we know of that bothers to conduct these yearly checks.

    UPDATE: A copy of CEO Tim Cook's letter to the staff addressing the contents of the Supplier Responsibility Report has surfaced through the French site MacGeneration. Cook announces that Apple has joined the Fair Labor Association and says, among other things.

    "Thanks to our supplier responsibility program, we've seen dramatic improvements in hiring practices by our suppliers. To prevent the use of underage labor, our team interviews workers, checks employment records and audits the age verification systems our suppliers use. These efforts have been very successful and, as a result, cases of underage labor were down sharply from last year. We found no underage workers at our final assembly suppliers, and we will not rest until the number is zero everywhere."

    Full text here.

    UPDATE 2: This American Life, which aired an excerpted version last week of The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs, Mike Daisey's one-man show about working conditions in Apple's supply chain, asked Daisey to comment on Apple's latest progress report. Here's what he had to say:

    Apple has released a list of its suppliers, but it still hides the companies it audited with anonymity. This makes it impossible to learn anything new about what is going on in Apple's supply chain, to verify anything, or hold anyone responsible. The FLA will audit a tiny percentage of Apple's factories, and also won't make public which factories they audit.

    If Apple would spend less energy finessing its public image, and instead apply its efforts to real transparency and accountability, it could be a true leader for the electronics industry. Apple today is still saying what it said yesterday: trust us, we know best, there's nothing to worry about. They have not earned the trust they are asking for.