Oil prices have plummeted over the past few months, dropping nearly 40% since their peak in June.

    Energy producers, which have enjoyed huge profits in recent years, are now feeling the pain. Their hopes for some relief were dashed last week when the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, decided against cutting production.

    The announcement rattled markets and sent the price of Brent crude tumbling. Since then, prices have rebounded slightly to around $71.58 a barrel. But that’s still far from the high of around $107 earlier this year. No surprisingly, there is a long list of winners and losers.

    Here’s a look at who’s making out big and who’s counting their losses.

    Winner: China

    China is the world's largest importer of oil, and relies on foreign oil supplies for about 60% of its domestic needs. Therefore, any drop in price reduces the overall burden on the economy, making factory production and final goods less expensive. China could save as much as $30 billion by the end of the year if prices keep falling, according to the China Center for Energy Economics Research. That money could be put toward investment to help spur the nation's slowing economy. Growth in China's gross domestic product is expected to be about 7.3% this year versus a record high of 14.2% in 1992.

    Other net oil importers, including Japan, India, Germany and France, will also welcome a similar economic lift from lower prices.

    Loser: Russia

    On the opposite end of the national spectrum is Russia: a big oil exporter. Oil sales account for a huge portion of the country's exports, and because of that, the stability Russian ruble is closely linked to energy prices. The ruble fell to a new record low Monday of 53.90 to the dollar, down 5%. The currency has lost about 40% of its value since the beginning of the year.

    Not only does cheap oil dampen Russia's spending power, it also makes it harder for the nation to balance its national budget. Russia's government tax revenue estimates are based on oil being at $100 a barrel--today's prices will significantly alter the country's fiscal planning.

    Other net oil exporters are in a similar position, as well, including Nigeria and Venezuela.

    Winner: JetBlue

    While JetBlue is one of the biggest winners, cheap oil is really a benefit for all airlines--and travelers.

    过去几个月，国际油价骤然大跌，较之六月的最高值，跌幅近40％。

    近年来一直利润丰厚的能源生产商，如今处境不妙。上周，欧佩克（石油输出国组织，OPEC）决定不减产，令能源生产商改善处境的希望灰飞烟灭。

    欧佩克不减产的消息一出，市场大为紧张，布伦特原油（Brent crude）的价格应声大跌。自那以来，布伦特原油的价格已小幅反弹至每桶约71.58美元，但仍远低于今年早些时候每桶约107美元的高位。意料之中的是，油价大跌有人获益有人遭殃。

    下面，我们就来看看，谁将从油价暴跌中获益良多，而谁将损失惨重。

    赢家：中国

    中国是世界第一大石油进口国，约60％的石油需求依靠进口。因此，油价下跌会降低中国经济的总体负担，使工厂生产及最终产品的成本下降。据中国能源经济研究中心（China Center for Energy Economics Research）称，如果油价持续下跌，到今年年底，中国将省下高达300亿美元。这些钱可用于投资，帮助刺激正在放缓的中国经济。中国今年的GDP增长率预计约为7.3％，而1992年的历史高点为14.2％。

    除中国外，油价下跌还将对日本、印度、德国和法国等其它石油净进口国的经济提到提振作用。

    输家：俄罗斯

    与之相反的是石油出口大国俄罗斯。石油销售在俄罗斯出口中占有极大比重，因此，俄罗斯卢布的稳定性，与能源价格息息相关。卢布在本周一跌至历史新低，贬值5％，卢布兑美元的汇率达到53.90：1。与今年年初相比，卢布币值缩水了约40％。

    油价下跌不仅削弱了俄罗斯的消费力，也增加了俄罗斯平衡国家预算的难度。俄罗斯所做的政府税收预算，是基于石油价格为每桶100美元，如今的油价将显著改变俄罗斯的财政计划。

    尼日利亚和委内瑞拉等其它石油净出口国，境况与俄罗斯类似。

    赢家：捷蓝航空

    捷蓝航空（JetBlue）是最大的赢家之一，同时，低廉的油价对所有航空公司以及旅客而言，都是好事。

    Airline stocks have gained 30.2% over the past 60 days according to the Bloomberg U.S. Airlines Index, compared to a 6.2% gain for the Standard & Poor's 500 index, which tracks all industries. JetBlue JBLU 2.34% and American Airlines AAL -0.04% were two of the biggest gainers stateside, climbing 40.8% and 41.2% respectively.

    North American airlines could add as much as 73% to their earnings--hitting $19 billion in 2015 thanks to lower fuel costs, according to a Bank of America forecast. Not only will the companies benefit directly from the lower costs of filling up planes, but lower fuel costs will also line customers pockets with extra spending money-- assuming ticket prices and fuel surcharge fees drop too.

    Loser: Continental Resources

    Continental Resources and other oil producers have taken a hit in the stock market, especially as the price of oil has slipped below the break-even point for certain regions. Brent crude oil is selling for just over $71 a barrel currently. Break-even costs are anywhere from $40 to $85 in the U.S., $100 in Russia and $99.2 in Saudi Arabia.

    Profit margins and revenues are expected to suffer for the foreseeable future--and that's sent investors scrambling. Shares of oil producers have fallen 19% over the past two months, and Continental Resources CLR -2.09% has been one of the worst hit. The Oklahoma-based company shares have slide 38.8% since the start of October.

    Other energy companies, big and small, have also been hit. Chesapeake Energy CHK -1.10% has fallen 11.5% since the beginning of October and Antero Resources AR -3.10% dropped 16.3%.

    Winner: Warren Buffett

    As energy stocks decline, acquisitions that once seemed too expensive may be more reasonable. Warren Buffett, known for his value investing strategy, is not one to pass up a good deal.

    Berkshire Hathaway's holding Lubrizol snapped up two units from oil services firm Weatherford International for $750 million after the seller was hemmed in by lower oil prices. The purchase price could climb to $825 million depending on performance. Berkshire bought the units following a 21% decline in Weatherford's shares last week, which certainly could have made the company more willing to close the deal.

    Halliburton made a similar move when it agreed to buy Baker Hughes last month for more than $30 billion. The deal followed a 23% drop in the value of Baker Hughes shares in the month preceding the announcement

    Loser: Harold Hamm

    Harold Hamm, billionaire and chief executive of Continental Resources, has lost more than half his fortune after oil prices tanked. Continental Resources shares have dropped drastically, resulting in a personal loss to Hamm of more than $12 billion since August. The oil tycoon, also the company's largest shareholder, isn't hurting for cash. He still has an estimated net worth of $11.1 billion (even after a nasty divorce settlement).

    Other shareholders may not be so lucky as oil company stocks continue to fall. The crude oil price crash is expected to cost the world's oil producers $1.5 trillion a year--and that will further depress stocks and steal gains from any shareholders willing to stick around.

    彭博美国航空股指数（Bloomberg U.S. Airlines Index）显示，过去60天，航空股上涨了30.2％，而同期追踪所有行业的标普500指数（Standard & Poor's 500 index）仅上涨了6.2％。捷蓝航空和美国航空（American Airlines）领跑美国航空股，分别攀升了40.8％和41.2％。

    美国银行（Bank of America）预测，由于燃料成本下降，2015年，北美航空公司的盈利可能飙升73％，达到190亿美元。不仅航空公司将因飞行成本降低直接受益，而且假定机票价格和燃油附加费也随之下降，那么燃料成本降低还将使旅客手中多一些零花钱。

    输家：大陆资源公司

    大陆资源公司（Continental Resources）及其它石油生产商在股市遭受打击，尤其是石油价格已跌破部分地区的盈亏平衡点。如今，布伦特原油的售价仅略高于每桶71美元。在美国，石油的盈亏平衡成本为每桶40-85美元不等，俄罗斯的石油盈亏平衡成本为每桶100美元，而沙特阿拉伯的盈亏平衡成本为每桶99.2美元。

    在可预见的未来，利润率和收入预计都将受到影响，投资者因此乱成一团。过去两个月，石油生产商的股价下跌了19％，其中，大陆资源公司是受影响最严重的企业之一。自10月初以来，总部位于美国俄克拉何马州的大陆资源公司，股价已下挫38.8％。

    其它能源公司不论大小，也都受到了冲击。自10月初以来，切萨皮克能源公司（Chesapeake Energy）的股价下跌了11.5％，而安特罗资源公司（Antero Resources）的股价则下滑了16.3％。

    赢家：沃伦•巴菲特

    随着能源股下跌，那些曾经看似太贵的收购，如今价格可能更为合理。以价值投资战略闻名于世的沃伦•巴菲特，自然不会错过良机。

    日前，伯克希尔-哈撒韦公司（Berkshire Hathaway）旗下的路博润（Lubrizol）斥资7.5亿美元，从因油价下跌举步维艰的石油服务公司威德福国际（Weatherford International）手中买下两项业务。根据业绩情况，收购价格可能攀升至8.25亿美元。上周，威德福的股价下滑了21％，伯克希尔随后出手收购，股价下滑当然可能使得威德福更有意愿达成交易。

    哈里伯顿公司（Halliburton）也有类似举动，上个月，该公司同意斥资300多亿美元，收购贝克休斯（Baker Hughes）。在此交易公布的前一个月，贝克休斯的股票价值缩水了23％。

    输家：哈罗德•哈姆

    亿万富翁哈罗德•哈姆是大陆资源公司的首席执行官。油价暴跌后，哈姆的财富缩水了一半以上。由于大陆资源公司的股价大跌，自8月以来，哈姆个人损失已超过120亿美元。石油大亨哈姆也是大陆资源公司的第一大股东。哈姆倒是不缺钱，（即便在离婚大出血后），其身家估计仍高达111亿美元。

    但随着石油股持续下跌，其它股东恐怕没有哈姆这么幸运。原油价格暴跌，预计将使得全球石油生产商一年损失1.5万亿美元，这将进一步压低股价，那些愿意继续持有石油股的股东，收益将进一步下滑。（财富中文网）

    译者：Hunter

    审稿：李翔